THT 44
| Known as: | THT 44; B 44; Bleistiftnummer 3336 |
|---|---|
| Cite this page as: | Hannes A. Fellner. "THT 44". In A Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts (CEToM). Created and maintained by Melanie Malzahn, Martin Braun, Hannes A. Fellner, and Bernhard Koller. https://cetom.univie.ac.at/?m-tht44 (accessed 19 Jul. 2026). |
Edition | |
| Editor: | Hannes A. Fellner |
Provenience | |
| Main find spot: | Shorchuk |
| Expedition code: | T III Š 69.38, T III Š Fragm |
| Collection: | Berlin Turfan Collection |
Language and Script | |
| Language: | TB |
| Linguistic stage: | classical |
| Script: | classical |
Text contents | |
| Title of the work: | Udānālaṅkāra |
| Passage: | ? |
| Text genre: | Literary |
| Text subgenre: | Doctrine |
| Verse/Prose: | verse |
| Meter: | 553 (4x) |
Object | |
| Manuscript: | Udānālaṅkāra A? |
| Material: | ink on paper |
| Form: | Poṭhī |
| Size (h × w): | 7 × 11 cm |
| Number of lines: | 8 |
Images
Images from idp.bl.uk by courtesy of the International Dunhuang Project, the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, and the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Orientabteilung.
Transliteration
| a1 | /// ·ś· pa lska tsi : ta¯ ¯ñä e ka lymi ñä ścī a rta ske ma¯ ¯r sa sw[e] no : ri ntsa te pa¯ ¯st su ta ryśpā lmeṃ ·[au] /// |
|---|---|
| a2 | /// ñca : wa yā ne śe rwe wa rto ne mai ta¯ ¯r śe rī tsi : kuce śe rwe śa kkauṃ lwā sa kau tsi nau¯ ¯s̝ mā ca mpi : tu /// |
| a3 | /// [:] yā – [t]e [t]kā [t]ra wa sa śa [tr]o śco kā ḍi ki : snai ṣaṃ ṣlau ntsa te lwā sa kau tsi su a rtsa kauṃ – /// |
| a4 | – – mā /// /// ·[ā] ·i [k]e ntse cwi spa rkā lñe – [n]ai va saṃ jñāṃ ce¯ ¯u e rwo mpa lsko [ñ]ñe /// |
| a5 | [p]· ri ṣa rne [n]e /// /// raṃ [lwā] [sa] kau s̝aṃ ñke wa [rt]o ne : ka ṣā¯ ¯r nau¯ ¯s̝ au su [yā] /// /// ·yp· ts· kus[e] mā [ṣ]e /// |
| a6 | tu ypa [rw]· /// /// [y]ā m[ṣ]i wai me [n]e [ka] ltsi tne śā sa nne : ṣa /// /// : mā ka o¯ ¯mp snū nma e nt[ā] [kn]· /// |
| a7 | ske ntra [50] – /// /// ·e yo lo meṃ /// /// k·¯ ¯śä ta ttā lñe ntaṃ¯ ¯ts yku e ka ly[mi] /// |
| a8 | /// [m]p[a] : la kle¯ ¯s̝ tu mā ka ka krau pau [wa] [te] sa /// |
| b1 | 50 [5] /// /// skai : ka ltsi tna mā skai ś[au] [ltsa] – [rñ]· /// |
| b2 | [ñ]ñe ·e /// /// ·l· n· wa rks̝a [l]ts· [:] /// /// ·au ñe : cai tne mā ta llaṃ pe r[p]e ttai /// |
| b3 | 50 7 [ṣ]ka¯ – /// /// [l]sk· lñ· nta ce¯ ¯u – tn· sū ka skeṃ wai ptā ya¯ ¯r [:] /// /// lyi : kuce mpa sū wṣī ya [r]i /// |
| b4 | o no lmi 50 – /// /// [k]·· śa nma pka rsa¯ ¯s ka nto k[ta] : la kle su wsa s̝s̝aṃ kuse kl· /// /// [w]ä [st]o yä kne [l]· /// |
| b5 | – ṣṣe /// /// [l]ñ· ṣ[ṣ]· – 9 nano¯ ¯k a lye¯ ¯k ·r· ke rā ja gri ne gṛ ddhra kū ltsa : po y·i /// |
| b6 | /// : tswai ñ· ka [y]ku pa¯ ¯st kreṃ¯ ¯nt ṣa mā ññe meṃ ṣa ño skai 60 re rī nu saṃ va¯ ¯r ta rkau ṣa mā ññe snai lī pa· – /// |
| b7 | /// [k]ā ñi ne : lyā ka ā na ndeṃ kwi pe ñña te tu sa ce kwa rñai 60-1 pi ntwā tmeṃ klau tka ce¯ ¯u wä nta re po po y·i [ntse] – /// |
| b8 | /// : mā su nau¯ ¯s̝ ca mpya pā ṣtsi a nai śai ṣa mā ññe 60 2 mā cā rne spā rta mā ya kne ti ri kre ntyā mṣa te : [p]· /// |
Transcription
| Xx | 9σ /// ·ś· palskatsi : |
|---|---|
| Xx | tañ ekalymi ñäś ; cī artaskemar ; säsweno : |
| Xx | rintsate päst su ; tary śpālmeṃ ·au /// a2/// ñca : |
| Xx | wayāne śerwe ; wartone maitar ; śerītsi : |
| Xx | kuce śerwe śak kauṃ ; lwāsa kautsi nauṣ ; mā campi : |
| Xx | tu /// a3/// : |
| Xx | yā – te tkāträ ; wasa śatrośco ; kāḍiki : |
| Xx | snai ṣaṃṣl auntsate ; lwāsa kautsi su ; artsa kauṃ (:) |
| Xx | /// a4– – mā /// /// ; (k)ā(d)ikentse ; cwi spärkālñe (:) |
| Xx | naivasaṃjñāṃ ceu ; erw ompalskoññe ; /// a5p·ri ṣarnene /// /// räṃ ; lwāsa kauṣäṃ ñke ; wartone : |
| Xx | kaṣār nauṣ ausu ; yā /// /// (ol)yp(o)ts(e) kuse mā ṣe /// a6tu yparw(e) /// /// yāmṣi ; waimene kaltsi tne ; śāsanne : |
| Xx | ṣa /// /// : |
| 53d | māka omp snūnma ; ent= ākn· /// a7skenträ 50(-3) |
| Xx | /// /// ·e yolomeṃ /// /// k(e)ś tättālñentaṃts yku ekalymi /// a8/// mpa : |
| Xx | lakle ṣ tu māka ; kakraupau watesa /// b150-5 /// /// skai : |
| Xx | kaltsi tn= amāskai ; śaultsa (wa)rñ(ai) ; /// b2ññe ·e /// /// ·l· n· warkṣälts(a) : |
| Xx | /// /// ·auñe : |
| 57d | cai tne mā tallaṃ ; perpett= ai /// b350-7 |
| Xx | ṣka(s) /// /// lsk(a)lñ(e)nta ceu – tn· sūkäskeṃ ; waiptāyar : |
| Xx | /// /// lyi : |
| 58d | kucempa sū wṣīya ; ri /// b4; onolmi 50(-8) |
| Xx | /// /// k(le)śanma pkarsas känt= oktä : |
| 59d | lakle su wsaṣṣäṃ ; kuse kl· /// /// wästo-yäkne l· /// b5– ṣṣe /// /// lñ·ṣṣ· (50-)9 |
| 60a | näno-k alyek (p)r(e)ke ; rājagrine gṛd;dhrakūltsa : |
| 60c | poy(ś)i /// b6/// : |
| 60d | tswaiñ(e) ka yku päst ; kreṃnt ṣamāññemeṃ ; ṣañ oskai 60 |
| 61a | rerīnu saṃvar ; tärkau ṣamāññe ; snai līpä(r) (:) |
| 61c | /// b7/// ; kāñine : |
| 61d | lyāka ānandeṃ ; kwipeññate tusa ; ce-k warñai 60-1 |
| 62a | pintwātmeṃ klautka ; ceu wäntare po ; poy(ś)intse (:) |
| 62c | /// b8/// : |
| 62d | mā su nauṣ campya ; pāṣtsi anaiśai ; ṣamāññe 60-2 |
| 63a | mā= cārne spārta ; mā yakne tiri krent ; yāmṣate : |
| * | p· ·/// |
|---|
Translation
| a1 | ... to think. I [am] dependent on you, you I acknowledge you as [my] lord. [With these words] he gave up the three excellent jewels ... [48d] ... |
|---|---|
| a2 | He led him as a hunter, [and] into the forest they went to hunt. The amount of animals the hunter earlier could not have killed in ten days, this ... [49d] ... |
| a3 | ... He made [her his] daughter [and] gave her to Kāḍika as a wife. Countless animals this one began to kill every day ... [50d] ... |
| a4 | ... (The monks asked) about the disappearance of this Kāḍika. (The monk), who already had evoked the Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñā-meditation ... [51d] ... |
| a5 | ... the guilt in the hands ... bears, now kills animals in the forest; he who earlier had donned the Kaṣāya-[penitent’s]garb .... (very much). He, who not even ... [52d] ... |
| a6 | ... Thereupon ... he made. Heavy to bear in the teaching here is monkhood ... many dangers there [are], |
| a7 | where fools act. [53d] ... of the evil ... dependent on judgements having [be]come ... |
| a8 | ... and a suffering it is, (if) he, who has gathered much, for a second time ... |
| b1 | ... [55d] ... (is) difficult. Difficult [it is] to bear for a whole life ... |
| b2 | ... [56d] ... by force [56b] ... (energy). They do not carry the burden here ... |
| b3 | [57d] Six ... The imaginations do (not) let [anyone] hesitate here. ... With whoever he lay ... |
| b4 | the beings [58d] ... perceive the one hundred kleśas! [In] pain he lives, who (by the kleśas) ... in two ways ... |
| b5 | ... [59d] Again at another time the Omniscient [was staying] in Rājagṛha on the Gṛdhrakūta ... |
| b6 | ... Just after having gone from the good monkhood into his house. [60d] Having left the discipline, having dismissed monkhood entirely ... |
| b7 | ... He saw the Ānanda [and] was slightly ashamed of it. [61d] [This one] returned from the almsround [and] (reported) the whole matter to the Omniscient ... |
| b8 | ... Even earlier this one could not obey [the rules of] monkhood properly. [62d] He did not conduct himself according to the rules [and] did not [act] the good way and manner ... |
Other
| a1 | Ich [bin] in deiner Gewalt, dich erkenne ich als meinen Herrn an. (Schmidt 1974: 394) |
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| a3 | Er schickte sich an, Tag für Tag unzählige Tiere zu töten. (Schmidt 1974: 368) |
| b7 | Er sah den Ānanda [und] schämte sich darüber etwas. (Schmidt 1974: 161) |
| b8 | Der konnte [auch] früher nicht sorgfältig das Mönchtum bewahren. Er blieb nicht bei dem [guten] Wandel [und] betätigte nicht die gute Art [und] Weise. (Schmidt 1974: 446) |
Commentary
Philological commentary
| The leaf includes the strophes 48-63b in a 4x13-syllable-metre (rhythm: 5/5/3 and 5/4/4) and deals with monks that gave up monkhood and returned to their civic lives. Due to the incompleteness of the text the translation frequently remains uncertain. | |
| Most probably somehow belongs with THT 44.c, which contains no more than 4 lines and must be a part from the right side of the leaf, although the allocation is not beyond doubt. It is impossible to determine any specific Varga this text could belong to. |
Remarks
| The original manuscript is partly missing, but consisted of three non-continuous fragments of probably one and the same leaf. The largest one was a remnant of the left side of the leaf, whose beginning was destroyed by fire. To this certainly belonged a small fragment of the beginning of the leaf which equally had scorch marks. |
References
Online access
IDP: THT 44a, THT 44b, THT 44c; TITUS: THT 44
Edition
Sieg and Siegling 1949: I, 64-65; Sieg and Siegling 1983: 79-80 notes 213-214
Translations
Barnes 2013: a1 (33); Carling 2000: a1 (355), a2 (44, 55, 300), a3 (297), a5 (52, 115, 208), a7 (355), b5 (251), b6 (151); Hackstein 1995: a5 (53), b3 (218), b4 (218), b8 (174); Krause 1952: b3 (153), b6 (35); Schmidt 1974: a1 (394), a3 (368), b2 (262 n.3), b7 (161), b8 (446); Sieg and Siegling 1949: a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 (II, 64-65); Sieg and Siegling 1983: b4 (214); Thomas 1954: a2 (714), a3 (718), a6 (744), b1 (743), b8 (723); Thomas 1954a: b1 (80); Thomas 1957: a2 (76), a3 (198), b3 (22), b8 (179); Thomas 1969c: a2 (204), a3 (205); Thomas 1972: b8 (462); Thomas 1979b: a5 (56), a6 (29), b1 (27), b2 (25), b3 (32); Thomas 1983: a7 (43), b6 (10); Thomas 1995: a6 (58), a6 (68); Thomas 1997: b7 (105), b7 (111), b8 (117)
Bibliography
Barnes, Timothy G. 2013. “The etymology and derivation of TB saswe ‘lord’ and ñakte (: A ñkät) ‘god’.” Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 14: 31–54.
Carling, Gerd. 2000. Die Funktionen der lokalen Kasus im Tocharischen. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Hackstein, Olav. 1995. Untersuchungen zu den sigmatischen Präsensstammbildungen des Tocharischen. HS Erg.-Heft 38. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
“The International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online.” n.d. http://idp.bl.uk.
Krause, Wolfgang. 1952. Westtocharische Grammatik, Band I. Das Verbum. Heidelberg: Winter.
Schmidt, Klaus T. 1974. “Die Gebrauchsweisen des Mediums im Tocharischen.” PhD, Universität Göttingen.
Sieg, Emil, and Wilhelm Siegling. 1949. Tocharische Sprachreste. Sprache B, Heft 1. Die Udānālaṅkāra-Fragmente. Text, Übersetzung und Glossar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Sieg, Emil, and Wilhelm Siegling. 1983. Tocharische Sprachreste. Sprache B. Teil I: Die Texte. Band 1. Fragmente Nr. 1-116 der Berliner Sammlung. Edited by Werner Thomas. Neubearbeitet und mit einem Kommentar nebst Register versehen v. Werner Thomas. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Thomas, Werner. 1954. “Die Infinitive im Tocharischen.” In Asiatica. Festschrift Friedrich Weller. Zum 65. Geburtstag, gewidmet von seinen Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern, edited by Johannes Schubert and Ulrich Schneider, 701–64. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
Thomas, Werner. 1954a. “Ein tocharischer Liebesbrief.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 71: 78–80.
Thomas, Werner. 1957. Der Gebrauch der Vergangenheitstempora im Tocharischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Thomas, Werner. 1969c. “Zu den Ausdrücken für Tag und Nacht im Tocharischen.” Central Asiatic Journal 13: 199–206.
Thomas, Werner. 1972. “Zweigliedrige Wortverbindungen im Tocharischen.” Orbis 21: 429–70.
Thomas, Werner. 1979b. Formale Besonderheiten in metrischen Texten des Tocharischen: Zur Verteilung von B tane/tne “hier” und B ñake/ñke “jetzt”. Abhandlungen d. Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse 15. Mainz: Verlag d. Akad. d. Wissenschaften und d. Literatur.
Thomas, Werner. 1983. Der tocharische Obliquus im Sinne eines Akkusativs der Richtung. Abhandlungen d. Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse 6. Mainz: Verlag d. Akad. d. Wissenschaften und d. Literatur.
Thomas, Werner. 1995. Zur tocharischen Syntax. Adverbiales A māk, B māka “viel”. Vol. 2. SbWGF, XXXIII. Stuttgart: Steiner.
Thomas, Werner. 1997. Interpretationsprobleme im Tocharischen. Unflektiertes A puk, B po “ganz, all, jeder”. Vol. 3. SbWGF, XXXV. Stuttgart: Steiner.
Gippert, Jost, Katharina Kupfer, Christiane Schaefer, and Tatsushi Tamai. n.d. “Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien (TITUS): Tocharian Manuscripts from the Berlin Turfan Collection.” http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/tocharic/thtframe.htm.
